The subtitle of this book describes what the book is: Cardinal Celso Costantini's Wartime Diaries,
1938-1947. During the period in
question, Costantini served at the Vatican as an Archbishop and secretary of
the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. His office was in a Papal property in Piazza
di Spagna. He was made a Cardinal in
1953.
The book was originally published in Italian, edited by
Monsignor Bruno Fabio Pighin. This
English translation is by the historian Laurence B. Mussio, and I received it as a review-copy. In the historian-translator's preface, he
states that the recognition of the historical value of the diaries by both the
political left and the religious right in Italy convinced him the work was of
value to historians.
My purpose is to make a riveting document accessible to a
wider readership of European and Church historians and scholars.
The Spanish Steps and Piazza di Spagna where the Cardinal had his Vatican office.
Mussio stresses that Cardinal Costantini's diaries are the
only diaries available from the period in question by a senior Vatican figure,
but that would be because they are the only diaries approved for publication by
the Vatican. He also praises the
Cardinal's:
...insight and his deep knowledge of people, circumstances,
and context, his diary is a considered, elegant, balanced, and firm-minded
account.
And he states that the diaries:
...provide us with an extraordinary first-hand account of
how the Second World War unfolded.
The subjects touched on in the diaries include:
...the prosecution of the war to the serial political,
military, and strategic blunders of Mussolini, the decline and fall of the
House of Savoy, and the actions of Pius XII in the face of Nazi tyranny.
Also touched on are Italy's post-war politics, especially
Italy's first post-war republican head of state, Alcide De Gasperi, who was
protected within the Vatican during the Nazi occupation of Rome in 1944.
An Allied air-raid on Rome, Italy, during WWII
Cardinal Costantini prepared his diaries for publication and
then requested Vatican approval for their publication. This was not an easy process, and he was not initially
successful. Along the way to rejection, Cardinal
Costantini altered his diaries, adding much hindsight and much that rings of
propaganda for Pope Pius XII. One change
he admits to is:
I placed more emphasis on the enormous charitable work of
the Holy Father [the controversial wartime Pope Pius XII] and his appeal for
prayers.
The diaries were published in their original Italian, as
were other books based on the diaries and about Cardinal Costantini, all edited
Monsignor Bruno Fabio Pighin, after the agreed amount of time had passed.
Mons. Pighin, professor in the Faculty of Canon Law at St
Pius X in Venice, Italy, is from the same Italian town as Cardinal Costantini,
and has acted for many years as the Cardinal's biographer. Parts of the diaries that were published in
other books edited by Mons. Pighin are not reproduced in this book; instead
they are referenced and summarized.
The Red Cross at work in Italy during WWII
Mons. Pighin is also a staunch supporter of the late Pope Pius
XII. He makes it clear in the book's
introduction that he sees Cardinal Costantini's diaries as serving witness to
the wartime Pope's:
...inspiring teachings, with his pastoral guidance at a
universal level, and with his charitable deeds -- without any discrimination
toward those in need of help...
Many would have preferred Pope Pius XII to have shown a bit
more discrimination. Post-war ratlines,
routes devised by church officials from Vatican properties in Rome to Latin
America, provided escape for perpetrators of crimes against humanity,
subverting justice for their victims.
Many do not see charitable acts, pleas for prayers, or
unrealistic conditions for a new world order as a proper, effective response to
the horrors of very real mass-war, civilian massacres, and the Nazi's Final
Solution.
I count myself among the "many". The Catholic Church is not the Red Cross, one
of the other groups who performed countless acts of charity during the war. The Catholic Church, through the Pope, can speak
directly to the consciences of millions of Catholics. During WWII, there were many Catholics who
needed to hear from the Church's spiritual leader that what they were doing, or
not doing, was a mortal sin. The
"prudence and extreme impartiality of the Holy Father", praised by
the Cardinal, was an abdication of his moral responsibility to those baptized
into the Catholic faith, in my opinion.
British landing in Sicily during WWII
I understand that the Cardinal and his biographer, both men
of the cloth, needed to present this book in a certain way for
publication. But now that the book is
published, it is each individual readers' right to interpret the diaries as
they see fit. That the diaries were
published at all is an accomplishment, and I agree with the book's translator,
that they are of historical value.
The text of the book is meticulously edited, and it is accompanied
by copious footnotes explaining people, places and events. The footnotes are a book in themselves! The notes are excellent and distracting at
the same time, but there is no other alternative if the book is to be
intelligible to all readers. The book is
a whopping 500+ pages.
The original Italian version of the book by the Italian
publishers,
Marcianum
Press, features a cover with an artist's rendering of Cardinal Costantini
in an intimate conversation with Pope Pius XII.
The Italian book's description includes (my translation from
the Italian):
The work presents the grand figure of the Purple Friuliano
[Cardinal Costantini], called "of an absolute superiority" by John
XXIII, shines the light on his prophetic observations and gives evidence of his
relationships with famous persons, among which are men of culture (D’Annunzio,
Ojetti, Gemelli, Carnelutti, Maritain), politicians (Ciano, De Gasperi, Cini,
Martino, La Pira), artists (Canonica, De Chirico, Mistruzzi, Messina),
Cardinals and Popes (Sarto, Della Chiesa, Ratti, Pacelli, Roncalli, Montini).
Two German Soldiers Captured in the Ruins of the Abbey of Monte Cassino, a target that should never have been hit, and which was subsequent to WWII rebuilt by the Catholic Church.
I found the Cardinal's depictions of, and quotes from,
historical persons the most interesting parts of the diaries, especially the
idiotic statements made by Mussolini.
Populist nonsense is more easily seen to be nonsense when it is
presented in the black and white of print, and not shouted out to brain-numb supporters. But at a certain point, the Italian in the
Cardinal overrules his neutrality, and his greatest fears are not for the
Catholic church, but for his "homeland", Italy.
Mussolini is recognized by the Cardinal for the few
"positive" things he did for the "homeland" including the
Italian "Empire" in Africa, then he is chastised for the many
horrible things he did. But the Italian Fascist
Party's atrocities against Italy's Jews are blamed by the Cardinal on Hitler:
All this is due to Hitler, who wants to replace religious
with the myth of bloodline. Mussolini is
Hitler's prisoner and is enveloped in the clouds of a poisonous flattery that
isolate him from external reality.
White Tape Marking Clear Tracks Through a Minefield, by the River Senio, Italy, March 1945
I admired the Cardinal's recognition of the role of a free
press to avoid the growth of dictators and to combat the waging of wars of
greed. And his linking of personal
liberty to human dignity is lovely, even stating at one point, "Freedom is
the condition for human dignity." Interesting, too, is his assertion that the
armament industry's rapid technological advancements, combined with greedy,
Empire-minded heads-of-states, led to the military campaigns waged around the
world between WWI and WWII.
What the Cardinal does not see is interesting, too. He retreats at times, with his Bishop
brother, to their estate, where their tenant farmers work the land. The role of European aristocracy in the
pressures for Empire-building, and in the growing grievances of the continent's
poor are not mentioned. Communism and
Fascism promised mass-education and a more equal society; they were the direct
results of the European aristocracy's hegemony.
2Tp Tank Blown on Minefield, c.1944, Italy
The Cardinal's snobbery is clear in the diaries.
Mussolini has never paid a visit to the new pope. The son of a blacksmith can sometimes be a
gentleman; Mussolini is not. A Chinese
proverb states, "You cannot turn yourself into either a tree or a
gentleman."
But one point in his diaries the Cardinal recognizes that:
Rather than being a social or political theory, communism is
often an explosion of the people's discontent and the desire to possess the
riches of others and to avenge themselves against those currently privileged.
Ruins of Cisterna, Italy after Air Raid in WWII
The Cardinal's love of Croatia, where he served during WWI,
is evident in his diaries. He knows from
his friends there, that the Fascist dictator Pavelic and his version of the
Fascist black-shirts, Ustasha, were committing atrocities. And yet the Vatican helped Pavelic escape to
Latin America, and let the Ustasha help run the Vatican's Ratline that helped
other monsters escape justice. There is
no mention of this, suggesting to me that the Cardinal has exercised great
editing skills when writing his diaries, and when preparing his diaries for
publication. To this day, the Vatican
will not comment on the Ratlines.
There are events that are missing from the diaries, such as
the rescue of his dear friend Cini from Dachau by his son, Giorgio Cini.
It seems odd that the Cardinal did not make
some note of this, and other events.
Perhaps he did, and they were edited out by Pighin or by the Cardinal
himself, for some reason?
I don't know
the answer to that.
Edward C. Gleed and Two Unidentified Tuskegee Airmen, Ramitelli, Italy, March 1945
There are also, especially in the post-war period, petty
criticisms of Italian politicians from parties other than Catholic-affiliated
Christian Democrats, who would, with help from the Vatican and U.S. agents, go
on to dominate post-war Italian politics.
The Monarchist Cardinal is saddened and bitter when Italy
rejects the King in a national referendum.
And the secularism of the post-war Italian state is seen as "a huge
error of principle". His
anti-Communist stance is visceral. And
his resentments and suspicious of the victorious Allies Britain and the United
States are uncomfortable to read for their superior and condescending tone.
He is also against any punishment of Fascists who "did
not steal and did not commit any criminal acts". He equates the so-called post-war
"purification" programs, which removed Fascists from positions of
authority, to the persecution of Jews by the Fascists.
British Troops Stacking Shells, Italy, 1944
Cardinal Costantini's passion in life was art. He was a talented sculptor. He worked his whole career to promote
religious art, by writing scholarly articles, founding a magazine dedicated to
Sacred Art, promoting the creation of religious art around the world, and by
organizing art exhibits of that art.
His other passion was spreading the Catholic faith to all
parts of the world. He worked for the
expansion of the Catholic Church through local "missions", run by
local priests, bishops and eventually cardinals; with locally trained clergy;
churches decorated by locally produced religious art; and church services
performed in the local languages rather than in the clerical Latin used in the
Western Churches at that time.
Cardinal Costantini's most successful legacies are in those
two areas: Sacred Art, and Catholic
Missions. I suspect his diaries will
become a third, more minor, legacy once scholars have had time to digest the
content and to view it in the proper contexts.
The Invasion of Sicily, WWII
From the book's description:
On 19 April 1940 Celso Costantini prophetically wrote in his
diary that if Italy followed Hitler into war, it would be allying itself with
the "Anti-Christ." Within weeks, Mussolini's fascist regime plunged
Italy into the destructive maelstrom of global military conflict. The ensuing
years brought world war, the fall of fascism, occupation, liberation, and the
emergence of a new political order.
The Secrets of a Vatican Cardinal is an extraordinary and detailed
behind-the-scenes account of crucial episodes in Europe's wartime history from
a unique vantage point: the Vatican and the Eternal City. Costantini, a close
advisor to Pope Pius XII, possessed a perspective few of his contemporaries
could match. His diaries offer new insights into the great issues of the time -
the Nazi occupation, the fall of Mussolini, the tumultuous end of the Italian
monarchy, the birth of republican democracy in Italy, and the emergence of a
new international order - while also recounting heartbreaking stories of the
suffering, perseverance, and heroism of ordinary people.
Less than a century later, with the world's attention gripped by the first
papal resignation in six hundred years, The Secrets of a Vatican Cardinal
presents a clear-eyed, fascinating, and complex portrait of the Roman Catholic
Church's recent history.
Inside St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
McGill-Queen's University Press is a scholarly publisher that defends,
refutes, and creates fresh interpretations of the world. With over 2,500
books in print and numerous awards and bestsellers, our goal is to
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2,300 Prelates Filling the Nave of St. Peter's During the Final Session of the Vatican Council
